Design theory: Knowles's principles of adult learning
Adult learners want to control their learning experience, are motivated by their own goals, want their learning to be immediately relevant and applicable, and use their existing wealth of experience as a starting point.
Recognize and adapt to learner's existing knowledge
Engage metacognition to increase motivation and investment as well as improve retention
Follow this up with adaptive content, customizing learning objectives and navigation to the user's choice.
Let learners choose their path
Adult learners are more engaged when they are able to control their learning process. Knowles, M. S. (1980)
Bespoke, integrated media to emphasize relevance
Adult learners are determined to use their time well. Creating media specifically tailored to the learning goals helps keep their attention and encourages engagement.
Timely feedback and gamification to encourage progress
Assessment is an effective prompt for critical thinking ( Irons, A., & Elkington, S. (2022). Enhancing learning through formative assessment and feedback / Alastair Irons and Sam Elkington. (Second edition..). Routledge. )